The University Journal
type: channel
description: The University Journal is a high quality open-access, peer-reviewed and refereed multidisciplinary research journal, dedicated to serve the society by the global dissemination of information through an unparalleled commitment to quality, reliability, and innovation and research work. The University Journal welcomes and acknowledges high quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, review papers, literature reviews and conceptual framework from researchers, academicians, professional, practitioners and students from all over the world. The University Journal engages its noble efforts for the development and endeavours to give you the best. Editor in Chief: Prof. Mellitus N. Wanyama ISSN (print): 2519-0997 Frequency: Biannually
publisher: Doctoral Association of Eastern Africa
language: en
publication name: The University Journal
issn: 2519-0997
copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
items: Machine Learning for Teacher Depression Prediction: A Systematic Literature Review of Risk Factors, Predictive Models, Explainability, and Deployment
items: Influence of Assistive Technology Interoperability on Digital Inclusivity in E-Justice Systems for Persons with Disabilities
items: Effect of Ethical Leadership Practices on the Performance of Professional Regulatory Bodies in Kenya
items: The Influence of Social Interaction and Collaborative Learning on Information Digital Literacy Skills Development in Rural Primary Schools
items: Effect of Equity on Market Concentration among Commercial Banks in Kenya
items: Effect of Property Market Liquidity on Real Estate Investment Performance in Nairobi County, Kenya
items: Influence of Human Capability on the Sustainability of Consumer Electronics Retail Firms in Kenya
items: Data-Driven Decision-Making, Organisational Agility and Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Firms in South Sudan
items: Operational Efficiency and Asset Quality: Evidence from Commercial and Microfinance Banks in Kenya
items: Effects of Financial Stewardship on Successful Implementation of E-Government Services Through Huduma Centres in Kenya
items: A Comparative Study of the Effect of Bank Size on Asset Quality among Commercial and Microfinance Banks in Kenya
items: Effects of Citizen Perspective on Successful Implementation of E-Government Services Through Huduma Centres in Kenya
items: Digitalised Risk Management and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Container Freight Stations in Kenya
items: Price Risk and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
items: Influence of Mobilizing Capability on the Financial Sustainability of Kenyan Non Profit Organizations
items: Financial Management Practices, Financial Environment Regulation and Resource Mobilization by Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya
items: Evaluating AI Literacy Scales in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Patterns, Gaps, and Research Opportunities from a Socio-Technical Perspective
items: Change Management and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Islamic Financial Institutions in Kenya
items: Board-Level Perspectives on Climate Risk Governance: A Phenomenological Study of Kenya’s Banking Institutions
items: Church Innovation and Effective Leadership in Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya churches: Evidence from Kiambu County
items: The Effect of Economies of Scale on Export Performance of Kenya’s Avocado Industry
items: Strategic Safety Management System and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
items: Strategic Aircraft Maintenance Systems and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
items: Influence of the Green Distribution Management on Competitive Advantage of Alcoholic Beverages Manufacturing Companies in Kenya
items: Social Impact Project Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage in Kenyan Counties
items: Integrative Strategies for Quality Assurance in African Language Teaching: Interdisciplinary and Community-Centred Approaches in Kenya’s Higher Education
items: Influence of Technical Attributes on Organizational Performance in Kenya’s Energy Parastatals
items: Influence of Governance Factors on Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
items: Organizational Leadership and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Islamic Financial Institutions in Kenya
items: Influence of Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive on Environmental, Social, and Governance Risk Management Strategies among Companies Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange

Machine Learning for Teacher Depression Prediction: A Systematic Literature Review of Risk Factors, Predictive Models, Explainability, and Deployment
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description: Depression among teachers is a global public health concern with significant consequences for educator well-being, teaching effectiveness, and student outcomes. Despite growing evidence regarding its prevalence and associated risk factors, the application of machine learning (ML) for predicting and explaining teacher depression remains relatively underexplored. This systematic literature review synthesizes current evidence on the use of ML techniques to predict teacher depression, with particular emphasis on the sociodemographic, occupational, and clinical risk factors used as predictive features, the ML algorithms employed and their comparative performance, the explainability techniques supporting model interpretation and decision-making, and the challenges and opportunities for real-world deployment. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and the ACM Digital Library in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies included those applying supervised or unsupervised ML approaches to model depression risk among teachers, with extracted data covering study design, geographical context, feature sets, algorithms, performance metrics, explainability methods, and deployment considerations. The review found that logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines, and gradient boosting were the most frequently adopted algorithms, while key predictive factors included sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., gender, marital status, and age), occupational stressors (e.g., workload, grade level, and learner-to-teacher ratio), and clinical history, particularly previous psychiatric diagnoses. Among explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) techniques, SHAP and LIME were the most widely used to enhance model transparency and support decision-making. However, evidence of practical deployment, especially in low-resource settings and African contexts, remains limited. Overall, the review demonstrates th…
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creator: Gilbert Yegon
creator: Edward Ombui
creator: Collins Oduor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gilbert Yegon, Edward Ombui, Collins Oduor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-23
publication date: 2026-07-23
starting page: 147
ending page: 162
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.523

Influence of Assistive Technology Interoperability on Digital Inclusivity in E-Justice Systems for Persons with Disabilities
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description: This paper examines how three dimensions of Assistive Technology Interoperability (ATI), namely Operating System (OS)/platform interoperability, assistive software compatibility, and input/interaction modality interoperability, influence digital inclusivity within e‑justice systems. Assistive technologies including screen readers, voice recognition software, magnifiers, and alternative input devices are the primary mechanisms through which many persons with disabilities access digital systems. Yet e‑justice platforms are rarely designed or tested for interoperability with these tools, creating a structural barrier that transforms digital courtrooms from gateways into gatekeepers. Drawing on the Social Model of Disability and extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), the study employed a sequential explanatory mixed‑methods design. Quantitative data were collected from 362 court users, judicial officers, and advocates in Nairobi County, Kenya, and analysed using covariance‑based structural equation modelling (CB‑SEM). Qualitative data from semi‑structured interviews with persons with visual, hearing, and mobility impairments provided contextual triangulation. The findings reveal that ATI is a strong predictor of digital inclusivity (β = 0.492, p < 0.001). Among the three dimensions of ATI, assistive software compatibility (loading = 0.792) emerged as the most influential, followed by Operating System (OS)/platform interoperability (0.697) and input/interaction modality interoperability (0.665). The study concludes that AT interoperability functions as a gateway variable: without it, no other accessibility investment is fully effective. For judicial ICT directors and policymakers, the findings mandate that AT interoperability testing be embedded in procurement contracts, development cycles, and quality assurance protocols as a non‑negotiable precondition for digital inclusivity.
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creator: Josphat Karanja
creator: Collins Oduor
creator: Dalton Ndirangu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Josphat Karanja, Collins Oduor, Dalton Ndirangu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-23
publication date: 2026-07-23
starting page: 131
ending page: 146
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.522

Effect of Ethical Leadership Practices on the Performance of Professional Regulatory Bodies in Kenya
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description: Professional regulatory bodies in Kenya serve as custodians of public trust, professional standards, and statutory compliance. However, ethical vulnerabilities such as conflict of interest, compromised enforcement, weak accountability, and political interference may undermine institutional performance within these bodies. This study investigated the influence of ethical leadership practices, specifically ethical tone, code of ethics, and ethical rewarding, on the performance of professional regulatory bodies in Kenya. The study was anchored on Strategic Leadership Theory and employed a quantitative descriptive- correlational research design. The findings showed that ethical leadership practices were rated positively across the professional regulatory bodies, with a composite mean of 3.96 and a standard deviation of 0.917. Correlation results showed a strong positive relationship between ethical leadership practices and organizational performance (r = 0.712, p < 0.05). Regression results further indicated that ethical leadership practices had a positive and statistically significant effect on organizational performance (B = 0.603, β = 0.712, t = 10.823, p < 0.05). At the same time, the model was statistically significant (F = 117.132, p <0.05) and explained 50.7% of the variance in performance (R² = 0.507). The study concludes that strengthening ethical tone, codes of ethics, ethical rewarding, accountability, integrity, and compliance mechanisms can significantly improve the performance of professional regulatory bodies in Kenya.
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creator: Risper Awuor Olick
creator: Teresia K Linge
creator: Caren A Ouma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Risper Awuor Olick, Teresia K Linge, Caren A Ouma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-18
publication date: 2026-07-18
starting page: 111
ending page: 121
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.518

The Influence of Social Interaction and Collaborative Learning on Information Digital Literacy Skills Development in Rural Primary Schools
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description: Information digital literacy skills are essential competencies for learners in the twenty-first century. However, their development among learners in rural primary schools continues to be constrained by inadequate ICT infrastructure, limited access to digital learning resources, insufficient teacher preparedness, and inadequate opportunities for collaborative technology- enhanced learning. This study examined the influence of social interaction and collaborative learning on Information Digital Literacy Skills Development in selected rural primary schools in Nyeri County, Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy and employed a quantitative research design. Data were collected from 2,894 learners using structured questionnaires and analysed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, and path analysis. The findings revealed that the measurement model demonstrated excellent fit (χ² = 247.9, df = 242, p = .383; CMIN/DF = 1.024; RMSEA = .003; CFI = 1.000; TLI = 1.000; GFI = .993; AGFI = .999). The results further established that social interaction and collaborative learning had a positive and statistically significant influence on Information Digital Literacy Skills Development (β = .130), indicating that increased learner interaction, collaborative engagement, and shared learning experiences significantly enhance learners' Information Digital Literacy Skills. The study concludes that fostering social interaction and collaborative learning is fundamental to improving Information Digital Literacy Skills Development in rural primary schools. The study recommends strengthening collaborative learning practices, improving ICT infrastructure, and enhancing teachers' digital pedagogical competencies to create interactive learning environments that promote Information Digital Literacy Skills Development among learners in rural primary schools.
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creator: Tabitha Muthoni Kihara
creator: Jimmy Macharia
creator: Collins Oduor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tabitha Muthoni Kihara, Jimmy Macharia, Collins Oduor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-18
publication date: 2026-07-18
starting page: 122
ending page: 130
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.517

Effect of Equity on Market Concentration among Commercial Banks in Kenya
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description: Market concentration remains a key concern in the banking sector due to its implications for competition, financial stability, and systemic risk. In Kenya, a small number of large commercial banks dominate the market, raising concerns about the factors driving their sustained market power. This study examined the effect of equity on market concentration among commercial banks in Kenya. It was anchored on Agency Cost Theory, Information Asymmetry Theory, and Market Power Theory. A post-positivist research philosophy and a descriptive correlational design were adopted. The study targeted all 38 commercial banks licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya between 2019 and 2023. Both primary and secondary data were used; secondary data were obtained from published financial statements and Central Bank of Kenya reports, while primary data were collected from bank managers using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The findings established that equity had a positive and statistically significant effect on market concentration (r = 0.687; β = 0.749, t = 19.843, p < 0.05), indicating that banks with stronger equity positions were more likely to command larger market shares. The results suggest that strong capital reserves, retained earnings, and shareholders’ equity enhance depositor confidence, support regulatory compliance, and strengthen the market position of large banks. The study concludes that equity is a critical driver of market concentration in Kenya’s banking sector and recommends that regulators develop proportionate capital policies that strengthen financial stability while promoting competitive balance.
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creator: Ismail Gurhan
creator: Francis Gatumo
creator: Albert Camus Bwire
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail Gurhan, Francis Gatumo, Albert Camus Bwire https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-25
publication date: 2026-06-25
starting page: 99
ending page: 110
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.506

Effect of Property Market Liquidity on Real Estate Investment Performance in Nairobi County, Kenya
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description: This study examined the effect of property market liquidity on real estate investment performance in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy using an embedded mixed-methods research design. The target population comprised 129 real estate investment firms operating in Nairobi County. Quantitative data were collected from 215 respondents using structured questionnaires, while qualitative insights were obtained from key informants through interviews. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and linear regression were used to analyze quantitative data, whereas qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that respondents perceived Nairobi’s property market to exhibit favorable liquidity conditions characterized by stable property prices (M = 4.03), accessible financing (M = 4.02), and active property turnover (M = 3.95). Real estate investment performance was also rated positively, with transaction volume (M = 4.01), capital appreciation (M = 4.01), and rental yields (M = 4.00) indicating strong market performance. Correlation analysis established a strong positive and significant relationship between property market liquidity and real estate investment performance (r = 0.703, p < 0.001). Regression results further showed that property market liquidity significantly predicts real estate investment performance (β = 1.267, p < 0.001), explaining 49.4% of the variation in performance (R² = 0.494). The study concludes that property market liquidity significantly enhances real estate investment performance by promoting transaction efficiency, improving access to financing, and facilitating capital appreciation and rental income growth.
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creator: Saida Ali Aden
creator: Jane Muriithi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saida Ali Aden, Jane Muriithi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
starting page: 85
ending page: 98
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.505

Influence of Human Capability on the Sustainability of Consumer Electronics Retail Firms in Kenya
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description: The purpose of the study was to determine influence of human capability on the sustainability of consumer electronics retail firms in Kenya. The study sought to examine the extent to which human capability influences the sustainability of consumer electronics retail firms in Kenya. To achieve this objective, the study was guided by three theories namely the Resource Based View Theory, the Sustainability Theory and the Organizational capability Theory. The study adopted a positivism research philosophy utilizing mixed method design with both cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Using Slovin's formula, a sample size of 207 respondents was determined from a target population of 431 consumer electronics retail firms in Kenya. Stratified sampling was done so that the responses' representation was proper across the country. Of the total administered questionnaires,200 (96.6%) response rate was obtained. The analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 25.0; and expressed in form of frequencies, percentages and narratives and presented in tables. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The findings of the study revealed a positive and significant relationship between human capability and sustainability, with a mean rating of 4.08 and standard deviation of 1.16 in regards to its descriptive statistics results. For inferential statistics, the result depicted; r (200) = .962, p < .05. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed that human capability significantly predicted sustainability, R2 = .972, F (200) = 6929.76, p < .05; β =. 986, p < .05. Consequently, the null hypothesis that human capability has no significance influence on the sustainability of consumer electronic retail firms in Kenya was rejected.
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creator: Michelle Abuya
creator: Paul Katuse
creator: Maureen Kangu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Michelle Abuya, Paul Katuse https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: 72
ending page: 84
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.504

Data-Driven Decision-Making, Organisational Agility and Competitive Advantage of Telecommunication Firms in South Sudan
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description: The study examined the effect of data-driven decision-making and organisational agility on the competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in South Sudan. The study was based on positivist philosophy that informed the adoption of a cross-sectional research design. The target population constituted 11 active telecommunication firms that formed the unit of analysis. The study targeted 148 employees drawn from the board, executive, departments, middle management, and technical levels of each firm. Thereafter, a sample of 108 respondents was determined using Yamane’s 1967 formula before proportionate stratified sampling was adopted to ensure each staff category was represented in line with its population share. The achieved response rate was 92 (85.2%). Structured questionnaires were adopted in sourcing data before analysis was undertaken with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The regression analysis revealed that data-driven decision-making significantly affected the competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in South Sudan (β1 = 0.273, t = 3.285, p = .001). However, the effect of organisational agility on the competitive advantage of firms in the study was not significant (β2= -0.047, t = -0.665, p = .508). The study thus concluded that data-driven decision-making elements, including data access and utilisation, data interpretation skills, and decision-making confidence, were strongly and positively associated with competitive advantage of telecommunication firms in South Sudan. Consequently, the study recommends that managers and policymakers should prioritise initiatives aimed at strengthening data accessibility, analytics capabilities, and a culture of evidence-based decision-making. Future research should explore additional organisational and environmental factors that may influence the dependent variable.
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creator: Athuai Rehan
creator: Francis Wambalaba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Athuai Rehan, Francis Wambalaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-17
publication date: 2026-06-17
starting page: 56
ending page: 71
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.501

Operational Efficiency and Asset Quality: Evidence from Commercial and Microfinance Banks in Kenya
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description: The asset quality of commercial and microfinance banks in Kenya plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the country’s financial sector. However, these banks have faced challenges with poor asset quality. This study aimed to determine the effect of operational efficiency on the asset quality of commercial and microfinance banks in Kenya. It was underpinned by Efficient Structure Theory and guided by the philosophical underpinnings of realism and objectivism, employing an explanatory research design. The target population comprised all 38 commercial and 14 microfinance banks licensed by the Central Bank of Kenya as of December 31, 2024. Unbalanced panel data analysis was used to examine both cross- sectional and time-series effects of operational efficiency on asset quality. The study period was 2014 to 2024. The study employed descriptive and inferential statistics. Diagnostic tests were conducted to validate the assumptions of panel regression. Panel regression results revealed that the model was statistically significant (F = 52.922, p < 0.001) in explaining the relationship between operational efficiency and asset quality. The findings showed that operational efficiency had a positive and significant effect on asset quality (β = 0.089, p = 0.000). Hypothesis testing confirmed that operational efficiency (p < 0.05) significantly influences asset quality. The study concluded that operational efficiency is a key determinant of asset quality. In view of these findings, the study recommends that regulators and banks consider incorporating operational efficiency as one of the rating parameters for banks.
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creator: Bundi Momanyi
creator: Beatrice Warue
creator: Jane Kibanga
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bundi Momanyi, Beatrice Warue, Jane Kibanga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 41
ending page: 55
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.500

Effects of Financial Stewardship on Successful Implementation of E-Government Services Through Huduma Centres in Kenya
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description: The purpose of the study was to determine the effect financial stewardship on successful implementation of e-government services through Huduma Centres in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to address the following research question: To what extent does financial stewardship perspective affect successful implementation of e-government services through Huduma Centres in Kenya? The study applied both balance scorecard framework and the institutional theories. In terms of research philosophy, the study adopted positivism research philosophy. The study used descriptive correlational design and the study population comprised 1,233 senior employees and users of Huduma Kenya services. Both stratified random and judgmental sampling techniques were employed in selecting 303 respondents to participate in the survey. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied where descriptive statistics focused on relative frequency distribution, means and standard deviation; while inferential statistics included Spearman’s coefficient for correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA and regression. The analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 25.0; and expressed as frequencies, percentages and narratives and presented in the form of tables and figures. The results of the study in testing the first hypothesis showed a high correlation between financial stewardship and successful implementation of e-Government services through Huduma centres (r =0.964, p=.000). The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between financial stewardship and successful implementation of e-Government services through Huduma centres and the Model used was fit to be used for the analysis (F = 3862.119, p =.000).
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creator: Napunyu Clara Lanyasunya
creator: Edward Musebe
creator: Prescott Muhonza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Napunyu Clara Lanyasunya, Edward Musebe, Prescott Muhonza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 28
ending page: 40
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.499

A Comparative Study of the Effect of Bank Size on Asset Quality among Commercial and Microfinance Banks in Kenya
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description: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bank size on the asset quality of commercial and microfinance banks in Kenya using comparative analysis. The study was motivated by persistent poor asset quality in Kenyan banks and grounded in the Quiet Life Hypothesis. It employed an explanatory research design. The target population comprised 38 commercial and 14 microfinance banks operating in Kenya as of December 31, 2024. The research used secondary data from banks’ audited accounts and publications by the Central Bank of Kenya for the period 2014 to 2024. Panel data analysis was used to examine the effect of bank size on asset quality. The study used descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Diagnostic tests were conducted to validate the assumptions of panel regression. The study found that bank size had a statistically significant negative effect on asset quality among both commercial and microfinance banks. Comparative analysis indicated that commercial banks recorded a statistically significant model effect. The effect among microfinance banks was found to be weaker. The null hypotheses that bank size has no significant effect on the asset quality of commercial and microfinance banks, and there is no significant difference in the effect of bank size on asset quality between commercial and microfinance banks in Kenya, were rejected. The study recommends that as bank size grows, commercial and microfinance banks establish centralized credit risk management departments, strengthen internal audits, and deploy standardized, enterprise-wide credit monitoring systems. Banking regulators should also consider differentiated, tier-based supervision models.
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creator: Bundi Momanyi
creator: Beatrice Warue
creator: Jane Kibanga
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bundi Momanyi, Beatrice Warue, Jane Kibanga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-16
publication date: 2026-06-16
starting page: 13
ending page: 27
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.498

Effects of Citizen Perspective on Successful Implementation of E-Government Services Through Huduma Centres in Kenya
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description: The study carried to find out the effects of citizen perspective on successful implementation of e-government services through Huduma Centres in Kenya. The study sought to address the following research question: To what extent does citizen perspective affect successful implementation of e-government services through Huduma Centres in Kenya? The study applied both balance scorecard framework and the institutional theories. In terms of research philosophy, the study adopted positivism research philosophy. The study used descriptive correlational design and the study population comprised 1,233 senior employees and users of Huduma Kenya services. Both stratified random and judgmental sampling techniques were employed in selecting 303 respondents to participate in the survey. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied where descriptive statistics focused on relative frequency distribution, means and standard deviation; while inferential statistics included Spearman’s coefficient for correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA and regression. The analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 25.0; and expressed as frequencies, percentages and narratives and presented in the form of tables and figures. The results of the study in testing the second hypothesis show a high correlation between citizen perspective and successful implementation of e-Government services through Huduma centres (r=0.941). The results also show that there was a significant relationship between citizen perspective and successful implementation of e-Government services through Huduma centres and the Model used was fit to be used for the analysis (F = 4710.210, p =.000). Further the results show that when citizen perspective was increased by 1 unit, the successful implementation of e-Government services through Huduma centres was increased by 1.031 units (β = 1.031, t= 68.631, p =.000).
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creator: Napunyu Clara Lanyasunya
creator: Edward Musebe
creator: Prescott Muhonza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Napunyu Clara Lanyasunya, Edward Musebe, Prescott Muhonza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.497

Digitalised Risk Management and Firm Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Container Freight Stations in Kenya
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description: The study evaluated the effect of digitalised risk management on the performance of Container Freight Stations (CFSs) in Kenya. Positivism philosophy guided the adoption of cross-sectional survey design. The target population was 38 Container freight Stations in Kenya. The study adopted a census of all 38 licensed CFSs operating in Kenya, with 136 respondents participating structured questionnaires filling. The quantitative data were analysed based on multiple linear regression model with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Surveillance technologies significantly and positively affected all performance indicators of CFSs in Kenya. Further, electronic cargo inspection significantly and positively affected revenue growth and operational efficiency aspects of performance of CFSs in Kenya. Finally, gate control system had a weak positive effect on all performance indicators of CFSs in Kenya. The study concluded that the sub constructs of digitalised risk management were jointly positively associated with performance of CFSs in Kenya. The management of CFSs in Kenya should implement non-intrusive inspection technologies, such as X-ray scanners and radiation detectors to minimize clearance times and improve detection capabilities. Further, the Kenya Ports Authority, Kenya Revenue Authority, and the Ministry of Transport ought to mandate or strongly advocate for the implementation of real-time surveillance infrastructure, and electronic cargo inspection technologies as essential operational and security prerequisites for CFS licensing and compliance.
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creator: Juliet Muthui
creator: Charity Muraguri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Juliet Muthui, Charity Muraguri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 142
ending page: 155
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.495

Price Risk and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya
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description: Commercial banks globally and locally face chronic volatility in financial performance, largely driven by inadequate risk pricing and management. While banks serve a pivotal role in allocating resources and boosting the broader economy, their profitability is frequently hindered by non-performing assets, fluctuating price rates, and an inability to accurately match the cost of capital with the default probability of borrowers. As a result, many institutions experience fluctuating returns on assets. This study sought to determine the effect of price risk on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy with an explanatory research design. Secondary data was collected from 38 commercial banks over the period 2014-2023. A statistically significant negative association between price risk and the financial performance of commercial banks was established. In addition, random effect model results depicted a statistically significant negative relationship between price risk and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya (β=-0.00691, p<.05). It was concluded that price risk adversely affects the financial performance of commercial banks. It is recommended that commercial banks in Kenya strengthen their price risk management frameworks by adopting more advanced risk-based pricing models that accurately align loan pricing with borrower default probabilities and changing market conditions. Banks should enhance the use of derivatives and other hedging instruments to mitigate exposure to interest rate fluctuations, while also improving credit risk assessment systems to reduce non-performing assets.
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creator: Lynette Chelangat Musani
creator: Albert Camus Bwire
creator: Agnes Ogada
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lynette Chelangat Musani, Albert Camus Bwire, Agnes Ogada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-10
publication date: 2026-06-10
starting page: 133
ending page: 141
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.489

Influence of Mobilizing Capability on the Financial Sustainability of Kenyan Non Profit Organizations
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description: Non‑profit organizations (NPOs) in Kenya continue to face persistent financial sustainability challenges due to declining donor funding and intensifying competition for limited grants. As the operating environment becomes more complex, the ability of NPOs to mobilize resources, coordinate stakeholders, and leverage relationships has become increasingly important. However, empirical evidence on how mobilizing capability contributes to financial sustainability within the Kenyan nonprofit sector remains limited. This study examined the influence of mobilizing capability on the financial sustainability of Kenyan NPOs. A descriptive correlational design and quantitative cross‑sectional survey were used to collect data from senior leaders of registered NPOs across multiple sectors. Stratified random sampling generated a sample of 323 organizations, and 233 valid responses were obtained through a structured online questionnaire. Ordinal logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between mobilizing capability and financial sustainability. The findings showed that mobilizing capability had a significant positive (ρ=.478, p< .001) correlation with financial sustainability. Organizations with low or moderate mobilizing capability were substantially less likely to achieve higher financial sustainability compared to those with strong mobilizing capability. These results suggest that the ability to share resources with partners, utilize networks, build strong relationships, and reallocate resources flexibly is essential for strengthening financial resilience. The study underscores the importance of developing mobilizing capability as a core organizational competency and highlights the need for supportive practices that enhance collaboration and resource mobilization within the nonprofit sector.
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creator: Paul Kungu Ndungu
creator: Juliana M Namada
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paul Kungu Ndungu, Juliana M Namada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-04
publication date: 2026-06-04
starting page: 122
ending page: 132
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.488

Financial Management Practices, Financial Environment Regulation and Resource Mobilization by Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya
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description: The study examined effect of financial management practices that included risk management and investment management on resource mobilization among non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Kenya, with particular attention to the moderating role of financial environment regulation. Despite growing donor volatility and regulatory pressure, little empirical evidence explains how financial practices influence NGOs’ resource mobilization. Guided by a positivist philosophy and an explanatory research design, the study collected primary data using structured questionnaires administered to senior personnel across 299 NGOs. Data was analyzed using SPSS. Findings showed that risk management practices were strongly and positively associated with resource mobilization (r = 0.525, p < 0.01) and had a significant positive effect in the regression model (β = 0.449, p < 0.001). Investment management also demonstrated a positive correlation with resource mobilization (r = 0.403, p < 0.01) and a significantly positive effect (β = 0.283, p < 0.001). Combined, the two practices explained 35.0% of the variance in resource mobilization (R² = 0.350). Moderation analysis revealed that financial environment regulation significantly weakened the relationship between investment management and resource mobilization (β = −0.145, p = 0.044), while its moderating effect on risk management was not statistically significant. The study contributes to nonprofit financial management literature by empirically demonstrating the centrality of risk and investment management in strengthening resource mobilization. Practically, the results underscore the need for NGOs to institutionalize robust risk systems and disciplined investment practices. Policymakers should design regulatory frameworks that enhance accountability without constraining NGOs’ financial sustainability.
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creator: Dawit Adefris Bellehu
creator: Selefano F Odoyo
creator: Elizabeth Kalunda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dawit Adefris Bellehu, Selefano F Odoyo, Elizabeth Kalunda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-02
publication date: 2026-06-02
starting page: 106
ending page: 121
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.480

Evaluating AI Literacy Scales in Higher Education: A Systematic Review of Patterns, Gaps, and Research Opportunities from a Socio-Technical Perspective
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description: The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) in higher education has intensified the need to assess the extent to which AI literacy scales measure students’ readiness for an AI-driven learning environment. However, in the absence of a unified framework to guide construct selection, it remains unclear whether current instruments capture the full spectrum of AI competencies required for effective engagement. This study aims to examine the current literature on AI literacy scales to characterize their scope, identify prevailing constructs, and highlight gaps for future research. To achieve this, the review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The search strategy identified 39 AI literacy scales in peer-reviewed journal articles from ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and IEEE Xplore databases, among other sources. A critical analysis of these scales revealed several gaps, spanning dimensionality, regional representation, assessment methods, theoretical grounding, and population diversity. The findings of this review underscore the importance of joint optimization in scale development to capture the human, technological, organizational, and contextual elements that shape AI literacy in higher education. This study makes two important contributions: (1) it provides a comprehensive account of the current composition of AI literacy scales, and (2) it identifies key gaps and emerging opportunities for refining future instruments.
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creator: Esther Nderitu Imbamba
creator: Paul Okanda
creator: Gerald Chege
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Esther Nderitu Imbamba, Paul Okanda, Gerald Chege https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 83
ending page: 96
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.479

Change Management and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Islamic Financial Institutions in Kenya
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description: This study investigated the effect of change management on sustainable competitive advantage of Islamic financial institutions in Kenya. Guided by the Strategic Intent Model and the Path-Goal Leadership Theory and employing a positivist mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 110 managers drawn from all nine licensed Islamic financial institutions operating in Kenya. Quantitative data obtained from managers in operations, business development, portfolio management, human resources, and finance were analyzed using SPSS version 26, while qualitative insights were gathered through interviews with senior executives, including directors and chief executive officers. The findings indicate that change management reflected in institutional adaptability, leadership communication, employee engagement, innovation orientation, and risk mitigation—significantly predicts sustainable competitive advantage, explaining 40.4% of the variance (R² = 0.404, β = 0.635, p < 0.001). Qualitative evidence further revealed that structured, consultative, and value-driven change processes enhance organizational resilience, customer trust, and competitive positioning while ensuring compliance with regulatory and Shariah principles. The study concludes that change management is a critical strategic capability that enables Islamic financial institutions to align internal processes with environmental dynamics and sustain long-term competitiveness. Strengthening inclusive, transparent, and strategically aligned change management practices is therefore essential for enhancing sustainable competitive advantage in the Islamic finance sector.
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creator: Maleeha Muhidin
creator: Paul Katuse
creator: Timothy C Oketch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maleeha Muhidin, Paul Katuse, Timothy C Oketch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 54
ending page: 66
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.478

Board-Level Perspectives on Climate Risk Governance: A Phenomenological Study of Kenya’s Banking Institutions
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description: Climate change is increasingly recognized as a systemic financial risk, prompting financial institutions globally to incorporate climate-related considerations into their governance and risk management frameworks. For corporate boards, lived experiences in navigating climate-risk governance, particularly in developing economies, remain underexplored. This paper explores the lived experiences of corporate boards of Kenya’s banking institutions with regard to climate-related risk management. The study was conducted between June and November 2025 and adopted an exploratory qualitative approach grounded in interpretive phenomenology. Data were collected from corporate board members, senior executives, and senior managers purposively sampled from 19 selected banking institutions in Kenya through semi-structured interviews. The results of this study demonstrate that, for corporate boards, climate risk management is an emerging governance priority that has led to risk re-identification, portfolio diversification, loan restructuring, enhanced due diligence processes, and human capacity development. These approaches are informed by contextual lived experiences. Challenges include: data availability constraints, gaps in technical expertise, and increased regulatory demands. The study identified strategic leadership as a key enabler, driving the extent to which banking institutions' boards integrate and prioritize climate risks in their governance processes. Recommendations include mainstreaming climate-risk governance processes across all Kenyan banking institutions; corporate boards implementing regulatory guidelines on climate change with fidelity. Other recommendations include governance boards setting the tone at the top by making strategic commitments; being agile to adapt to an ever-changing context; and adopting context-sensitive climate risk management practices.
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creator: Gershon M Mwakazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gershon M Mwakazi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 40
ending page: 53
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.477

Church Innovation and Effective Leadership in Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya churches: Evidence from Kiambu County
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description: This study determined the influence of church innovation on effective leadership in Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya (FPFK) churches focusing on Kiambu County. Despite leadership playing a key role in supporting church growth and sustainability, many churches continue to experience challenges such as inconsistent leadership practices, difficulties in leadership succession, and differences in leadership effectiveness, which affect overall church performance and member involvement. The study focused on church innovation as a factor influencing effective leadership. A descriptive research design was used, combining both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data was collected using questionnaires from church leaders and council members, as well as an interview with a key informant, and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, and thematic analysis respectively. The findings revealed that church innovation strongly contribute positively to effective leadership (r = .548, p < 0.01). The study concludes that effective leadership in churches can be enhanced through leadership practices that promote innovation. It recommends that churches adopt more collaborative and innovative approaches to ministry.
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creator: Benson Njuguna Kinyanjui
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Robert Muriithi; Benson Njuguna Kinyanjui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 97
ending page: 105
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.476

The Effect of Economies of Scale on Export Performance of Kenya’s Avocado Industry
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description: Export promotion of the Avocado industry is essential for countries looking to tap into international markets. While developed and emerging market countries continue to promote their Avocado varieties for export, most developing countries, such as Kenya, struggle with how best to exploit economies of scale for enhanced export. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of economies of scale on the export performance of Kenya’s avocado industry. The study was anchored on the Resource-Based View and adopted a cross-sectional research design. The targeted population was 137 Avocado export firms in Kenya. A census technique was employed, and a structured questionnaire was formulated and uploaded to Google Forms. A link was shared with respondents. Stata version 17 was used to compute descriptive statistics and Multiple Linear Regression and Pearson Correlation analysis was employed to test statistical association. Findings established that economies of scale have a positive influence on export performance of Kenya’s Avocado industry. Larger firms benefit from cost savings, advanced technology adoption, and better negotiation power (mean=3.6). The highest-rated factor was the role of innovation in reducing costs and improving product quality (mean = 3.8). Pearson correlation analysis (r=0.330, p=0.000) and linear regression results (B=0.212, p=0.000) demonstrated that economies of scale enhance firms’ export performance through operational efficiency and resource optimization. The paper concludes that economies of scale enhance cost effectiveness, thus making Avocado exports competitive in the global markets. The need for sustained investment in Avocado value addition is recommended so that exports meet international standards.
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creator: Sammy Nyamu
creator: John Magambo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sammy Nyamu, John Magambo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 14
ending page: 24
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.475

Strategic Safety Management System and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
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description: The study examined influence of Strategic Safety Management System (SSMS) on sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) among aviation companies in Kenya. Specifically, it analyzed the effects of strategic aircraft maintenance, flight operations management, quality management systems, and human resource planning, and assessed the moderating role of regulatory compliance. Anchored on Stakeholder and Total Quality Management theories, the study adopted a positivist philosophy and a mixed-methods approach. Data was collected from 360 managers across 60 licensed aviation companies using questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS), while qualitative data was analyzed thematically using NVIVO. The findings revealed that all SSMS components significantly enhanced sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic quality management systems and flight operations management had the greatest influence, followed by aircraft maintenance and human resource planning. Regulatory compliance exhibited both a direct positive effect on SCA and a significant moderating effect on the relationship between SSMS components and SCA. The study concludes that robust safety management systems, supported by regulatory compliance and a proactive safety culture, are critical for achieving sustainable competitiveness in the aviation industry. It recommends continuous staff training, investment in safety technologies, and routine safety audits to strengthen operational efficiency and organizational resilience.
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creator: Ali Ibrahim Roba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Ibrahim Roba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 25
ending page: 39
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.474

Strategic Aircraft Maintenance Systems and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
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description: This study examined the influence of Strategic Aircraft Maintenance Systems (SAMS) on sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) among aviation companies in Kenya. Grounded in institutional theory and the resource-based view, the study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Quantitative data were collected through a census survey of 360 managers drawn from all 60 aviation companies licensed by the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA), complemented by in-depth interviews with senior managers responsible for aircraft maintenance planning, safety risk assessment, and regulatory oversight. Strategic Aircraft Maintenance Systems were operationalized through hazard identification, safety risk assessment, and maintenance turnaround time. Quantitative data were analyzed using simple linear regression, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically to provide explanatory insights. The results indicate that Strategic Aircraft Maintenance Systems have a strong and statistically significant influence on sustainable competitive advantage (β = 0.579, p < 0.001), explaining 35.8% of the variance in competitive outcomes (R² = 0.358). Qualitative findings reveal that structured hazard reporting, risk-based maintenance planning, and efficient turnaround times enhance aircraft availability, operational reliability, regulatory confidence, and customer trust, thereby strengthening competitive positioning. The study concludes that aircraft maintenance systems function not merely as compliance mechanisms but as strategic organizational capabilities that enable aviation firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage in a highly regulated operating environment, with important implications for aviation managers and policymakers.
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creator: Ali Ibrahim Roba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Ibrahim Roba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-01
publication date: 2026-06-01
starting page: 67
ending page: 82
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.473

Influence of the Green Distribution Management on Competitive Advantage of Alcoholic Beverages Manufacturing Companies in Kenya
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description: This article examines the influence of the green distribution management on competitive advantage of alcoholic beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya. This study employed a positivism research philosophy and both descriptive and explanatory research designs were adopted. The target population was 394 consisting of Chief Executive Officers and heads of supply chain, corporate relations, human resource, finance, production, sales and marketing, quality control, logistics and warehousing in 41 alcoholic beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya. Yamane's Formula was applied to determine a sample size of 198 respondents. Stratified random sampling technique was utilized for selecting the sample. The data collection process incorporated both primary and secondary data. Secondary data was gathered from the annual reports of Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) and individual alcoholic beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya with the help of a data collection checklist. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the qualitative data, while quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS statistical software to generate both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics contained mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics included Pearson correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis and step-wise regression analysis. From the findings, the R-squared (R²) results demonstrated that green distribution management explained 77.5% of the variance in competitive advantage (R² = 0.775). The regression coefficients revealed that green distribution management significantly predicted competitive advantage (β = 0.870, p < 0.05). The study suggests that the management of alcoholic beverages manufacturing companies in Kenya should integrate green distribution management practices into core operations to enhance competitive advantage. In addition, the study recommends improvi…
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creator: Felix O Osano
creator: Joseph Ngugi Kamau
creator: Prescott B Muhonza
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Felix O Osano, Joseph Ngugi Kamau, Prescott B Muhonza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-22
publication date: 2026-04-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 13
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i2.455

Social Impact Project Core Competencies and Competitive Advantage in Kenyan Counties
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description: This study examines the influence of social impact project core competencies on organizational competitive advantage in selected Kenyan counties. Drawing on the Resource-Based View and Institutional Theory, the research employed a cross-sectional descriptive and correlational design with 215 respondents comprising county officials, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) leaders, project managers, and community representatives from Kiambu, Kitui, Kajiado, and Nakuru counties. Findings reveal three key competency dimensions: leadership (M = 4.34), evaluation (M = 4.09), and technical (M = 4.03). Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationships between competencies and competitive advantage, with technical competencies demonstrating the strongest association (r = 0.607, p < .01). Regression analysis indicated that competencies collectively explain 43.4% of the variance in competitive advantage (R² = 0.434, F (3,211) = 53.872, p < .001), with technical competencies (β = 0.413, p < .001) and leadership competencies (β = 0.312, p < .001) being significant predictors. The study offers a practical strategic framework for strengthening competitive advantage through competency profiling and targeted capacity building in the social impact sector.
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creator: Veronica K Kaluyu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Veronica K Kaluyu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 152
ending page: 166
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.452

Integrative Strategies for Quality Assurance in African Language Teaching: Interdisciplinary and Community-Centred Approaches in Kenya’s Higher Education
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description: Higher education institutions in Africa face a pressing dual challenge of achieving international quality standards while protecting indigenous linguistic and cultural heritage. This study examines quality assurance strategies in African language teaching within Kenyan universities, with particular focus on integrating cultural, professional, and social contexts into curricula. Guided by Constructivist Learning Theory and Transformative Learning Theory, the study uses a mixed-methods approach that includes structured surveys of 50 African language educators, focus group discussions with 100 undergraduate and postgraduate students, and documentary case studies from institutions working with African diaspora communities in language instruction. Results show that multidisciplinary approaches, linking language education with health communication, digital storytelling, and historical studies, substantially improved students' cultural awareness, linguistic skills, and professional preparedness. Community partnerships with diaspora organisations fostered authentic language use and increased learner engagement. Four key strategies including curriculum standardisation (80%), interdisciplinary integration (75%), educator training (70%), and community involvement (65%) were evaluated for effectiveness. Limited institutional support, lack of standardised curricula, and insufficient digital infrastructure were some of the challenges experienced. This paper proposes policy measures among them, capacity-building workshops, standardised interdisciplinary modules, and networks connecting African language departments with diaspora organisations and professional sectors. These initiatives aim to enhance linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and graduate employability, ensuring African language education remains both academically relevant and professionally sustainable in an increasingly globalised environment.
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creator: Quin Elizabeth Awuor
creator: Virginia Nyambura Njau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Quin Elizabeth Awuor, Virginia Nyambura Njau https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 142
ending page: 151
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.450

Influence of Technical Attributes on Organizational Performance in Kenya’s Energy Parastatals
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description: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of technical attributes on organizational performance of Kenya’s energy parastatals. Positivism research philosophy and descriptive research design were adopted by the study. A total of 16996 employees in the ten organizations that are in the energy sector were targeted. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 384 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for primary data collection. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of quantitative data presented in the form of percentages, frequencies, means, and standard deviations while inferential statistics included correlation and regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. Correlation analysis results indicated that technical attributes had a strong and positive relationship with organizational performance (r = .746, p < .05). Regression analysis yielded R² = .556, F (1,302) = 378.637, p < .05, and a beta coefficient of β = 0.748, t = 19.459, p < .05, indicating that the technical attributes significantly influenced organizational performance of Kenya’s energy parastatals. The study concludes that technical attributes significantly influence organizational performance in Kenya’s energy parastatals. The study recommends that management of Kenya’s energy parastatals should strengthen technical leadership attributes by enhancing evidence-based decision-making, ensuring clear role definition, and aligning organizational goals across all levels. Leaders should prioritize structured decision processes, clarify responsibilities, and communicate performance expectations to improve operational efficiency as well as regulatory compliance. For future research, studies should examine the influence of technical attributes on organizational performance in other sectors and institutional contexts, particularly those characterized by different regulatory and operational comp…
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creator: Ngungu Leah Wairimu
creator: Jeremiah Ntaloi Koshal
creator: Stephen Nyambegera
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ngungu Leah Wairimu, Jeremiah Ntaloi Koshal, Stephen Nyambegera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-18
publication date: 2026-03-18
starting page: 127
ending page: 141
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.449

Influence of Governance Factors on Performance of Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
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description: This study examined how governance factors influence the performance of firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Adopting a positivist philosophy, it used both descriptive and explanatory research designs. The analysis focused on 61 listed firms, with heads of finance, marketing, HR, internal audit, customer relations, operations, ICT, and risk and compliance as the units of observation. The target population comprised 350 departmental heads, from which a sample of 187 respondents was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling, achieving a 97% response rate. Data collection involved semi-structured questionnaires for primary data and extraction checklists for secondary data. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically, while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, and inferential statistics, including logistic regression. The Nagelkerke Pseudo R² indicated that governance factors explained 60.2% of the variance in firm performance (R² = .602), and the regression coefficient showed that governance factors significantly predicted performance (B = 3.072, p ≤ .05). The study concludes that firm performance—measured by financial outcomes, customer satisfaction, internal processes, and learning and growth—can be enhanced through the adoption of governance (ESG) practices. This study recommends that management of NSE-listed firms integrate governance practices into their core operations to improve overall performance.
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creator: Amy N Etiang
creator: Joyce W Ndegwa
creator: Timothy C Oketch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amy N Etiang, Joyce W Ndegwa, Timothy C Oketch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 116
ending page: 126
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.445

Organizational Leadership and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Islamic Financial Institutions in Kenya
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description: This study investigated the effect of organizational leadership on sustainable competitive advantage of Islamic financial institutions in Kenya. Guided by the Strategic Intent Model and the Path-Goal Leadership Theory and employing a positivist mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 110 managers drawn from all nine licensed Islamic financial institutions operating in Kenya. Quantitative data obtained from managers in operations, business development, portfolio management, human resources, and finance were analyzed using SPSS version 26, while qualitative insights were gathered through interviews with senior executives, including directors and chief executive officers. The findings reveal that organizational leadership manifested through consultative leadership practices, ethical and Shariah-aligned conduct, strategic vision articulation, mentorship, and employee engagement has a positive and statistically significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage, explaining 16.1% of the variance (R² = 0.161, β = 0.402, p < 0.001). Qualitative evidence further demonstrates that participatory, ethically grounded, and strategically focused leadership enhances institutional cohesion, employee commitment, and trust, while supporting effective strategy execution within a highly regulated and faith-based financial environment. The study concludes that organizational leadership constitutes a critical intangible capability through which Islamic financial institutions can differentiate themselves and sustain long-term competitive advantage. Strengthening inclusive, values-driven, and strategically aligned leadership practices is therefore essential for enhancing resilience and competitiveness in the Islamic finance sector.
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creator: Maleeha Muhidin
creator: Paul Katuse
creator: Timothy C Oketch
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maleeha Muhidin, Paul Katuse, Timothy C Oketch https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 101
ending page: 115
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.444

Influence of Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive on Environmental, Social, and Governance Risk Management Strategies among Companies Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange
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description: This paper examines the influence of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) on ESG strategies among companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), employing an exploratory design that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis of five leading NSE issuers to assess how CSRD-shaped disclosure practices influence ESG risk management within the Kenyan capital markets context. While the findings reveal that ESG reporting has expanded following the 2021 NSE guidance, alignment with core CSRD features remains uneven, particularly with respect to double materiality assessments and independent assurance, underscoring the need for the Capital Markets Authority and the NSE to strengthen enforcement mechanisms and provide targeted capacity-building initiatives that bring Kenyan ESG reporting into closer alignment with evolving global standards.
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subject: Array
  topic: keywords
subject: Array
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Murage Kinyua
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Murage Kinyua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-03-09
publication date: 2026-03-09
starting page: 88
ending page: 100
doi: 10.59952/tuj.v8i1.443